Generally requires salt to drive the dye into the fibre and alkali to fix it. 🌍 Environmental Impact

The dye attaches to the fibre through a chemical reaction triggered by alkaline conditions (high pH). There are two main types of reaction mechanisms: 1. Nucleophilic Substitution

A major challenge where the dye reacts with water instead of the fibre, creating "spent" dye that must be washed away.

The "business end" that reacts with the fibre (e.g., vinyl sulfone or cyanuric chloride).

Links the chromophore to the reactive system. ⚗️ The Reaction Mechanism