Romгўnia, - 1866вђ“1947

The modern era began with the overthrow of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza in 1866. A coalition of Liberals and Conservatives replaced him with , seeking a foreign prince to stabilize the nation and curb internal political infighting.

: On December 30, 1947 , King Michael was forced to abdicate at gunpoint. The People's Republic of Romania was proclaimed, ending 81 years of Hohenzollern rule and marking the beginning of four decades of Communist rule. România, 1866–1947

Romania initially remained neutral in World War I but joined the (Allies) in 1916 after being promised Transylvania and other territories. The modern era began with the overthrow of

: To counter Russian influence, Carol I secretly joined the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) in 1883. The People's Republic of Romania was proclaimed, ending

: Despite industrial growth, the rural population suffered under a repressive land ownership system, leading to a massive uprising that was violently suppressed by the army, highlighting deep social inequalities. 3. The First World War and "Greater Romania" (1914–1927)

: The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires allowed for the "Great Union" of 1918. Territories including Transylvania, Bessarabia, and Bukovina were unified with the Old Kingdom, nearly doubling the country's size and population—a state known as Greater Romania ( România Mare ).

This report covers the transformative period of modern Romanian history between 1866 and 1947, a timeframe largely defined by the reign of the and the nation’s pursuit of independence, territorial expansion, and modernization before the onset of Communist rule. 1. The Foundation of Modern Romania (1866–1881)