: This prevents NullPointerException for the caller.
: Always override them together. If you break this, HashMap and HashSet will fail. : This prevents NullPointerException for the caller
: Enums are full-fledged classes providing type safety and powerful features. : This prevents NullPointerException for the caller
: Throw exceptions early (at the start of the method). : This prevents NullPointerException for the caller
: Pass resources to the constructor instead of hardcoding them (Singleton/Static utilities). 2. Methods Common to All Objects