Arq

The sender can transmit multiple frames (within a window size

If the sender does not receive an ACK within a designated time (timeout) or receives a NAK, it retransmits the packet. 3. Types of ARQ Protocols 3.1. Stop-and-Wait ARQ The sender can transmit multiple frames (within a

Requires complex buffering and ordering at the receiver. 4. Performance Considerations Stop-and-Wait ARQ Requires complex buffering and ordering at

ARQ increases latency due to retransmissions, making it less suitable for real-time applications like VoIP. protocol efficiency calculations

is a fundamental error-control mechanism used in telecommunications and data link layers to ensure reliable transmission over unreliable communication links. Unlike Forward Error Correction (FEC) , which allows the receiver to correct errors, ARQ relies on the receiver identifying errors and requesting retransmission of data from the sender. This paper covers the primary types of ARQ protocols, their mechanisms, and performance tradeoffs. 2. Fundamental Mechanisms ARQ protocols operate based on two main principles:

g., protocol efficiency calculations, equations) or a ? Do youg., mobile networks, satellite)?