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Inadequate concrete cover or poor water-cement ratios. 4. Testing Methods for Assessment Assessments are typically divided into two categories:

Understanding the root cause is essential before applying any remedial measures. Common factors include:

Identifying whether they are structural (threatening stability) or non-structural (aesthetic/surface level). 22602 rar

Noting loss of concrete cover and exposure of reinforcement bars. 3. Causes of Building Defects

Triggered by carbonation or chloride ingress. Inadequate concrete cover or poor water-cement ratios

Applying mortar at high pressure onto a surface to repair large spalled areas.

Expansion and contraction due to temperature variations. 22602 rar

Uneven sinking of the soil beneath the structure.